Characters.get('e', 0) tells python to look for the key 'e' inside the dictionary. If it isn't observed it returns 0. Given that This is often The very first time 'e' is handed through the loop, the character 'e' is not really located in the dictionary yet, Hence the get strategy https://caribo-candy93603.timeblog.net/72144199/the-smart-trick-of-caribo-edibles-that-no-one-is-discussing